Thomas G. Guarino frames the relationship between theology and philosophy through the recurring Catholic tension between the Athenian Academy and Monte Cassino. He surveys the Hellenization critique, voiced in different forms by Luther, Harnack, Barth, Jenson, Strauss, Heidegger, and others, which charges that Greek metaphysics replaces the biblical and triune God with an abstract concept. Against this, the Catholic tradition of Origen, Augustine, Aquinas, Newman, de Lubac, and Benedict XVI treats philosophy as a source of truths that theology may assimilate, purify, and redirect toward the Gospel. The six theses defend a reciprocal but ordered relationship: theology retains primacy because revelation judges every intellectual framework, while philosophy and the sciences possess legitimate relative autonomy and can contribute truths accessible to natural reason. Catholic theology therefore need not depend on one system, whether Aristotelianism or neo-Scholasticism, but may employ diverse conceptual languages in a commensurable pluralism that preserves doctrinal unity. Guarino nevertheless argues that metaphysics remains necessary to explain participation in God, analogy, divine attributes, and the stable universal claims of revelation. Historical consciousness, subjectivity, phenomenology, analytic thought, and liberation-oriented approaches can refine this framework but cannot replace it. The Church’s engagement with new knowledge must be patient, critical, and guided by the Holy Spirit, as it continually assimilates and purifies human wisdom without surrendering the Gospel’s objective truth.