3. History:

Papal ceremonial: Martimort traces the formation of the papal ceremonial as follows: (1) its beginnings in the twelfth century, (2) its development in the last quarter of the thirteenth century, (3) the changes brought about by the transfer of the papal court to Avignon in the fourteenth century, (4) the ceremonial in the period of the Great Schism, and finally (5) the period of the early Renaissance.107 In this last period there were two important ceremonials published. The first was the Caeremoniale romanum of Peter of Burgos, the master of ceremonies of Pope Nicholas V (1447-1455). The second was De caeremoniis Curiae Romanae libri tres of Agostino Patrizi Piccolomini and John Burckard, who compiled their ceremonial at the request of Pope Innocent VIII (1484-1492) and submitted it to him in 1488. It was not published, however, until 1516, having been poorly re-worked by Cristoforo Marcello and dedicated to Leo X (1513-1521).

Episcopal ceremonial: In the fifteenth century, many bishops, with some ties to the Roman Curia, inserted details about ceremonial usages into their pontificals. These inserts were usually based on the earlier works of Latino Malabranca108 and Guillaume Durand. Piccolomini and Burckard had more success with their episcopal ceremonial than with their papal ceremonial. Their Pontificalis ordinis liber, printed in 1485, includes an episcopal ceremonial, which became the basis for the official Caeremoniale episcoporum published in 1600 at the direction of Pope Clement VIII (1592-1605). With various corrections and additions, this text remained the norm until the postVatican II Caeremoniale Episcoporum of 1984.

BOOKS USED BY THE CELEBRANT FOR SACRAMENTS AND OTHER RITESI. THE BISHOP'S BOOK: THE PONTIFICAL

Introduction: The orations that a bishop needed for the celebration of sacraments and other liturgical actions outside of the Eucharist were originally contained in the sacramentary. The rubrical directives for

107 Martimort, Les ordines, 96-102.108 Liber quando episcopus cardinalis missarum sollemnia celebraturus est (ca. 1280), ed. Dymans, Cérémonial I, 220-63; cf. Martimort, Les ordines, 99.

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Handbook for Liturgical Studies: The Eucharist (Volume I)

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